"Paumgartner Nativity" by Albrecht Durer-1502/1503- preserved in the Alte Pinakothek of Monaco.
The triptych, known as "Paumgartner Altar," was commissioned by the children of Martin Paumgartner, for the church of Santa Katharina, in memory of his father who died in 1478.
In the central panel, the two sides at the bottom depicts the family of clients, left the father with two sons, Luca and Stefano, the man with the beard is the second husband of the widow Paumgartner, Hans Schonbach. To the right of the client's mother, Barbara Volckamer with her two daughters Mary and Barbara. In the two side tables
clients return in the guise of St. George (Tony) and S. Eustachio (Luke).
The painting is to be noted from the symbolic point of view, the '
donkey and ox
.
There is a verse from Isaiah which reads
" The ox knows his owner and the ass his master's crib, but Israel does not know my people do not understand " : from these words that theologians concluded that the ass of the Nativity is used as a symbol of Judaism and is opposed to the ox, a symbol of paganism. In
symbology however, the 'donkey
lends itself to conflicting interpretations: it can indicate humility, obedience, simplicity, but because of his legendary stubbornness, also may have negative connotations and became a symbol of sloth, arrogance, stupidity and lust. When
is on his knees in front of a glass, is an attribute of St. Anthony of Padua.
The donkey is often depicted with Silenus, drunk, barely rests on the back of the animal.
In the myth of King Midas, plays a negative character: in fact, Apollo, to punish the impudence of the king who, during a contest between the god Pan, had spoken in favor of Pan, to grow the ears of an ass. The ox
mainly appears as beast of burden, fatigue.
was once considered a sacrificial animal, in place of the lamb, then a symbol of the sacrifice of Jesus
In the Middle Ages, is associated with the allegory of Patience.
iconography of the Nativity, the ox, near the donkey, may represent the New Testament as opposed to the Old Testament represented the ass.
The ox is also attribute of St. Augustine, who as a young man was called "quiet ox," and Saint Lucia, which was tied to a shot of oxen.
In this painting is worth noting also the angel in the sky: the '
Angelo, a symbol of the divine message, does it indicate that comes from the announcement of the birth of Christ to all men.
Mary appears kneeling: defining image that has been in the Renaissance, which is when the Adoration of the Child Jesus is the dominant motif in the iconography of the Nativity.
Joseph is always portrayed kneeling, but also the appearance of an old man, and this highlights the divine paternity of Christ.
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